General concepts about the course, collapse of the Ottoman Empire, leading to National Struggle, congresses, Sevres Treaty, wars, opening of Turkish Great National Assembly, Mudanya Armistice, Lausanne Treaty discussions.

Abolishment of sultanate and declaration of Republic, strategy and importance of Turkish Revolution, financial, social, legal, educational and cultural renovation, experiments for multi- party system, Turkish foreign policy during Atatürk?s term, basic principles of Atatürkism.

OHS regulations; hazards in workplace environment and preventing form these dangers; risk assessment; personal protective equipment.

This course is a follow up of the first part of the Health and Safety at work; understanding how important is employee health and safety, its principles, legislative perspective, environmental aspects, employer, employee relationships, training employees on recently developed health and safety measures, some legal aspects at workplace, increasing awareness of occupational health and safety, hazardous and dangerous goods handlings, identifying occupational diseases ,early detection of work-related diseases and remedies and supplemental measures to take at workplace; first aid practices, some measurements about threshold limits and how they are calculated.

-

-

-

-

Basic design principles and elements such as unity and variety, rhythm and emphasis, repetition, dominance, balance, symmetry, asymmetry, harmony and contrast, introduction to color theory and its application in design. Euclidean geometry, gestalt perception principles, shape, size, color, texture, figure-ground relations, position and orientation, transformation of form. Perception and expression of visual features, defining and arranging shapes and forms with different techniques and materials, developing free hand drawing and drafting skills. introducing the concepts of abstract and concrete in design. Design applications related to ergonomics and anthropometry.

Explaining the concepts related to architectural design, space-defining elements, and the concept of threshold, making space arrangements using classical and Non-Euclidean complex geometries in design, introduction to environmental analysis; external factors that will affect spatial design, such as climate and topography; Applications aimed at establishing the relationship between environment, space and structure; horizontal and vertical circulation axes at various scales; basic functional approaches.

Examining the dimensions and conditions required by human needs, based on human beings, human scale, behavior, and actions in architecture. Basic functions related to the residence and its immediate surroundings, separation of public and private spaces. Separation of interior and exterior areas. Examining the effects of physical and social environmental data that play a role in the formation of architecture on architectural design, methods, and techniques.

Different text, line types, shading, punctuation, toning using drawing tools. 2 and 3 dimensional free hand and rule drafting techniques to express design ideas. Solid and void, distinction and representation of what is included or not in the section. Site plan, plan, section and elevation drawings; represenation forms supported by collages. Reflecting the technical drawing on plans, sections and elevations in accordance with the scale (1/500, 1/200, 1/100, 1/50). Dimensioning and leveling techniques in plan, section and elevation drawings. Sheet sizing, editing and coding techniques. Parallel and artistic perspectives.

2D and 3D drawing and presentation methods and techniques through computer-aided package programs (CAD). Producing drawings at different scales, understanding the relationships between scales and the level of detail required by the scales, and making preliminary preparations for printing these drawings.

Various concepts that make up the current architectural culture will be discussed in terms of the social role of the architect and modernity. Discussions regarding architecture as a historical and social field of knowledge will be conducted through concepts such as architectural knowledge and the formation of architectural thought, global and local, modern and traditional, technology, metropolis, sustainability, etc.

Traditional structural systems and elements; General introduction of loadbearing and framed structural systems. Exterior wall systems, foundation systems, flooring systems (ground-mounted, normal and cantilevered floors, suspended ceilings), window and door systems, vertical circulation systems (ramps and stairs), roof systems (flat and sloping roofs), interior partition systems ( fixed and movable interior walls). Binding materials, aggregates, concrete, building blocks, ceramics, glass, wood, plastic, metal, plaster, asbestos cement, pitch, adobe, paints and preservatives. Functional building materials, heat retaining-absorbing material. Water and vapor insulation materials. Walls and coverings, flooring and base materials, ceiling coverings. Roof covering materials.

The course is about supporting students' professional work through academic thinking. In this framework, scientific research is defined, the methods of obtaining scientific knowledge, experiments and observation concepts are explained. Positive and normative theories and objective and subjective systems of knowledge are introduced; The meaning of science in academic and social contexts is mentioned. The scientific and artistic qualities of the design activity are discussed. Scientific theory development and data collection techniques are discussed by examining examplar articles and teaching writing techniques.

Considering the importance of the relationship between design and environment and the understanding that architecture is a whole with the environment, the scope of the course includes examining and discussing the resources and design processes used by world-famous architects and designers for their designs, and associating design theories with them,

This course includes basic features of color and texture as architectural design elements, color design principles, vision and color perception, two- and three-dimensional color systems, color mixing rules, light and color relationship, general color composition rules, basic properties of textures, basic information about texture design.

This course includes methods of creating visual messages of technical and aesthetic architectural concepts on a photographic basis, accurately and adequately, with the knowledge of using light and photographic equipment.

Within the scope of this course, the role of natural light in the creation and perception of architectural space will be discussed from several basic perspectives. Supported by physical models, natural light will be discussed within the framework of the reading of the space, its effect and its contribution to the aesthetic value.

The course content includes general information about wooden building materials and industrialized wooden products and the use of these elements in building structure. The characteristics of wooden structures, traditional wooden frame structures, and contemporary building systems made with laminated wooden elements will be examined.

The course content includes theoretical examination of the planning principles of traditional houses, local characteristics, materials and construction techniques, facade layouts and the functional and physical formation of the room.

In this course, housing development and differentiation of housing patterns in Turkey, changing semantic, spatial and functional features of housing and different types of housing production will be discussed.

The course includes formal, functional, contextual and user-oriented analysis of building typologies, as well as discussion and interpretation in terms of their unique features. Buildings for housing, education, culture, accommodation, health, commerce, public, transportation and recreational purposes are examined.

To conduct various physical and social analyses to understand the environment and context, and to be able to analyze these analyses and transfer them to the design process. Through small-scale architectural design problems, ability to create a design concept, spatialize usage and user differences, create scenarios, make land settlement decisions, produce spatial relationships in different functions, construct housing functions and auxiliary units.

Fiziksel ve sosyal çevrenin bileşenlerini Being able to interpret the components of the physical and social environment and transfer them to the design process, spatializing various basic functions and usage and user differences at the neighborhood scale, making site settlement decisions, creating simple architectural and spatial programs; Being able to relate the design concept, context, structure and construction techniques; understanding different social roles; being able to produce spatial relationships in different functions; open-closed-semi-open space relations; distinction between public and private spaces; vehicle-pedestrian approach and simple parking solutions.

The course incluıdes themes such as intersecting forces, moment and force, equivalent and plenary forces, free object diagram, balance equations, frame systems, beams and inner forces, distributed forces, gravity points and inertia factors, tension and deformation, normal force, shear force, trilling force, basic bending, elastic bending and twisting.

This course discusses the classification of loads and forces; beams and loads; beam types, support types; rod systems and columns, arches and frames, framed structures, analysis of hyperstatic systems.

Chronologically, starting from the prehistoric settlements until the 15th century, the urban and architectural works of different civilizations in Europe, Anatolia, the Middle East, and North Africa geographies will be discussed in terms of spatial, structural and functional aspects and within the framework of their mutual interactions with their socio-cultural lives.

The urban and architectural works of different societies in Europe and the Ottoman world from the 15th century to the Industrial Revolution, and including the USA from the Industrial Revolution to the 20th century, will be discussed were simultaneously in both spatial, structural and functional aspects within the framework of their mutual interactions with their social lives.

Relations between ecological problems and architecture. Building geometry and climate. Orientation, zoning and plan organization. Solar diagrams, bio-climatic chart. Solar geometry and shading. Shading analysis and devices. Energy efficient design. Renewable energy use in architecture. Wind control and windbreaks. Thermal performance of buildings. Fundamentals of lighting; day lighting and artificial lighting. Energy efficient and aesthetic lighting design. Relations between architecture and light. Methods to provide a good lighting design. Fundamentals and definitions of architectural acoustics. Geometrical room acoustics, acoustical design criteria, reflectors, absorbers and resonators, computer aided acoustical simulation methods, noise control and sound Insulation criteria.

Bringing together current building elements from a holistic perspective. System solution of a simple two-story reinforced concrete building and its 1/50 scale project from foundation to roof, and two-dimensional detailing of spaces such as doors, windows, roof and roof ends, chimneys, etc. at the required scales.

Consideration of contemporary construction systems. Introduction of reinforced concrete and steel frame systems, light steel systems, space frame systems, suspension-tensioning and pneumatic-membrane, folded plates and shell systems, two- and three-dimensional expressions at various scales with weekly applications.

In this course, composition experiments and expression techniques with basic visual communication tools such as proportioning, line techniques, shading, punctuation, toning and hatching are studied in order to develop hand-eye-brain coordination and free-hand drawing techniques. Students are introduced to freehand drawing techniques and other graphic approaches to express their 2D and 3D design ideas. Abstraction, line and color, diagram sketches, concept sketches, observation sketches, hybrid sketches (collage) are made in interior and exterior spaces.

Within the scope of the course, the role of architectural models in the design process and the basic elements used in model making such as scale, composition, materials, tools, methods, abstraction, creativity and documentation will be discussed..

The course will focus on the concept of space and its relationship with its components. The logic of space organizations and spatial changes, research and experimentation of analysis techniques referring to different space scales are among the topics to be examined. Building and urban space analysis techniques will be discussed, both physically and socially, and analyzes will be made on topography, form, morphology and circulation. Analyzes on functional uses, sociocultural structure and spatial behavior. Introduction to spatial syntax will be introduced through theory and method.

The course includes methods of transferring designs to digital media and methods of representing designs created in digital media. Representations of visuals created in digital environment using software such as Photoshop, InDesign and Premiere will be studied.

In this course, package programs such as 3ds Max and Cinema 4D are used for architectural modeling, animation and simulation, the interface of the program is introduced, and the logic of modeling architectural elements is taught practically. Preparation of digital presentations and animation studies are carried out by using visualization techniques such as materials editing on surfaces.

In this course, package programs such as Rhinoceros are used for precise and mathematically accurate modeling of flat, curved and topographic surfaces, and the interface of the program is introduced. Free form object and space design applications are made. Studies are carried out to prepare digital presentations of 3D models using visualization techniques.

Within the scope of the course, the basic concepts of parametric design are examined. Design applications are carried out using the visual programming interface of the Rhinoceros plugin Grasshopper. Algorithmic solutions to design problems are produced with diagrams that transform numerical, textual, audio-visual and tactile data into functions.

The principles of transforming the traditional design process into integrated design will be discussed in the course. Recognizing, introducing, positioning and presenting the structure through the use of computer-aided design and building information systems, integrated data relations, and BIM software such as Revit in the design process constitute the general content of the course.

In this course, the potential of artificial intelligence to transform architectural design, presentation and research processes will be examined. Not only the theoretical dimension of artificial intelligence, but also its interaction with architectural processes will be discussed. Data on the built environment, machine learning and deep learning models will be experienced through various artificial intelligence applications. The positive and negative aspects of artificial intelligence in the production-design, evaluation-analysis and feedback processes will be discussed with a critical perspective.

In this course, the concept of topology in architecture is discussed through current applications. The course content includes the production and assembly of complex forms through sample applications using digital fabrication processes, techniques and methods that follow their designs and representations in the digital environment.

The course content includes the earthquake phenomenon, basic concepts related to the subject, suitability for settlement and settlement effects, architectural formation, examination of different load-bearing systems, understanding the properties of different load-bearing systems and the structure-soil relationship and experiencing them with applications, determining earthquake damages, and creating data for design.

The course includes the evaluation and use of the sun as an effective design element. The effects of solar radiation on the building envelope, shadow curves method and application examples, determination of building shadows, horizontal and vertical sunshade design, location selection, settlement, building form, orientation, building envelope, local and regional building and settlement examples are examined. Basic information is given on the impact of passive methods of utilizing solar energy in buildings on architectural design and integrated design principles, and applications related to solar architecture are carried out.

The scope of the course includes giving basic information about lighting design and determining the criteria for lighting design according to function. Topics to be examined include the relationship between lighting design and architecture, quantity and quality of light, reflection, absorption and transmission of light, light sources, lamps and lighting devices. In addition, basic information on the calculation of average illuminance levels in volumes, optimum energy use in artificial lighting, and artificial lighting schemes in volumes with different functions is given in practice.

Within the scope of this course, the basic principles of sound and architectural acoustics such as sound absorption, sound transmission and sound insulation will be introduced, and the relationship between sound, architecture, human health and psychology will be discussed. Additionally, auditory comfort, noise control and volume acoustics are other topics of the course. The acoustics issue will be discussed with its sound and auditory aspects, ensuring acoustic comfort in the space, acoustic design criteria, new developments in acoustic design, computer-aided acoustic design simulation (ODEON, ECOTECT, etc.) methods, acoustic design criteria of concert halls will be examined.

The content of the course includes the concepts of city, urbanite, identity, culture, locality, globality, belonging and otherness. Urban use and readings will be carried out with an interdisciplinary and interlayered approach within the framework of the built environment, urban space and current urban formation dynamics. Through these readings, new regional maps will be created in various urban areas.

The course content includes information on hard and soft landscape design, basic landscape design concepts, construction and application techniques. Topics such as the concept of landscape in an architectural context, endogenous plants, ecology and sustainability concepts, the importance of landscape in urban transformation and renewal projects, and the psychological effects of landscape design will be discussed with examples from today's landscape design. Landscape design applications will be discussed based on the land's soil and water resources, vegetation and all other landscape elements, their potential and problems, and the user profile.

Internship I is for students to reinforce the knowledge and skills they have acquired in theoretical and practical courses within the scope of architectural education in real on-site design, construction, management, production, and assembly processes. Students perform on-site practice for 30 working days in sectoral areas deemed appropriate by the department.

The course considers the urban and environmental context of multi-storey, mixed-use buildings for accommodation; It includes designing buildings and their surroundings and/or creating spatial patterns, and producing open space, enclosed space, interior space and detail solutions with a holistic approach. Investigating the characteristics of the topography/site and/or built architectural environment and structuring the necessary arrangements based on physical and social analyses. Researching appropriate construction techniques and materials, taking into account elements such as advanced technology, vertical circulation, accessibility, climate, building physics, urban identity and silhouette in multi-storey buildings. Ability to create sketches and computer-aided products, discover current/advanced presentation techniques and materials as a tool for developing ideas and concepts.

The course is about the relationships of complex-functional, multi-programmed public buildings and building groups within their environments. Producing necessary concepts on issues such as interior and exterior horizontal circulation, pedestrian and vehicular accessibility, wide-span spatial pattern forms in the context of universal design principles, public and private space connections, sustainability, identity, etc. Addressing the design problem in a holistic manner by investigating the characteristics of the topography/site and/or built architectural environment and establishing architectonic connections through physical and social analyses.

Within the scope of this course, the concept of city, urbanization and planning, the evolution of cities from past to present, urbanization problems and discussions, urban utopias, current urbanization approaches, urban planning principles, urban design concept, urban design principles, current discussions and applications in urban design will be examined.

The course includes concepts and basic principles, analysis and measurement techniques, and restoration techniques regarding the conservation of monumental, urban, natural cultural heritage and historical buildings. In addition, contemporary architectural approaches of new building in the historical environment are also examined within the scope of the course.

The course includes methods of preservation, restoration and management of historical buildings, restoration materials and techniques, and practical and theoretical experiences. Within the scope of the course, survey drawings, restitution, and restoration projects of a small-scale historical building, and wirtten documents are prepared with an analytical approach.

Contemporary issues and their origins that constitute 20th-century architecture, the effects of changing social and cultural structures, and new concepts such as rapid production, popular culture, rapid urbanization and globalization will be discussed within a critical framework.

In this course, the art works, art movements, and artistic developments that determine today's architecture and designs will be discussed in detail. Starting from the end of the 19th century until today art movements such as Romanticism, Impressionism, Symbolism, Art Nouveau, Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, Bauhaus, Surrealism and Abstract Art, Pop Art, Photorealism, Avant-garde, and the main artists within these movements and their works will be examined.

Within the scope of this course, the concept of city, urbanization and planning, the evolution of cities from past to present, urbanization problems and discussions, urban utopias, current urbanization approaches, urban planning principles, urban design concept, urban design principles, current discussions and applications in urban design will be examined.

The course focuses on examining and discussing the relationship between art and philosophy, artistic creation, art theories, basic concepts and problems of aesthetics.

The course is designed to introduce the field of culture and space, to reveal its importance in architectural design, and to understand human and built environment relations. The effects of sociocultural factors such as privacy, belonging, meaning and gentrification in shaping the physical environment at various scales and their relationships with each other will be analyzed. Different field studies will be carried out in planned and unplanned built regions of the city.

The architectures of different civilizations in Anatolia from prehistory to the 20th century, their socio-cultural and economic interactions and developments, and their relations with geography will be discussed. Architectural productions in Anatolia from the first settlements to the late Ottoman period will be examined through building types, spatial formations, building materials and construction systems. The effects of local characteristics, commercial and cultural interactions, social structure and daily life practices on architectural productions will be questioned.

The urban and architectural transformation of Istanbul in the historical process, from the Byzantine period to the Ottoman period and to the present day, and the spatial formations that the produced in this process are discussed. The relationships of architectural products from different periods with the fabric, from the urban to the neighborhood scale, are examined within the framework of changing social, cultural, social and economic dynamics..

The course examines the encounter with modernity in the field of architecture in Turkey and the problems this encounter creates. Urban and architectural products and the meaning of these products are discussed through different social actors and the relationships of these actors with each other. Some issues such as construction of the capital, Ankara-Istanbul relationship, housing production, popular culture, architectural periodicals, first women architects, etc. are examined through the traditional-modern contrast.

In this course, how and what affected housing and residential environments in the 20th and 21st centuries will be discussed in different dimensions comparatively through examples from the world and Turkey. Contemporary housing types, defined as the housing styles that emerged and changed in this period, will be discussed from functional, social, cultural and economic perspectives.

The content of the course includes the concept of historical environment, site definition and classification, elements that determine the historical environment, settlement silhouettes, living historical cities, landscape evaluation, reasons of historical environmental degradation. Examples of cultural heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage list in the world and in Turkey are examined.

The content of the course includes analysis methods in the historical city fabric, examination and discussion of architectural design approaches such as reference, analogy, harmony and contrast in the context of new building in the historical city fabric. Discussions continue on new design examples in the historical urban fabric in the world and in Turkey.

This course includes an understanding of the basic issues of urban design, which serves as a bridge between architecture and city planning, and design problems in the urban context, urban design theories and principles, and the examination of the urban environment at different scales such as neighborhoods, streets, squares, complexes consisting of multiple buildings. Course topics include urban design theories, definitions, components and variables. The course includes presentations on the main principles of urban design, leading examples from world cities and urban spaces, and applications and discussions through selected film screenings.

In this course, the concept of urban morphology, its conceptual infrastructure and schools of morphology, the definition of the evolution of urban forms in the historical process, the elements that make up the city and the features that give form to the city will be examined.

The definition, purpose and scope of the concept of urban transformation, reasons requiring urban transformation, urban transformation methods and legal-administrative dimensions, implementation processes of urban transformation projects, social, economic and spatial results will be examined. Within the scope of the course, the concepts of urban sprawl, urban growth, urban development, slums, collapsed areas, urban renewal, urban rehabilitation, urban revitalization, gentrification and post-disaster urban renewal will be discussed.

The definition, purpose and scope of the concept of urban transformation, reasons requiring urban transformation, urban transformation methods and legal-administrative dimensions, implementation processes of urban transformation projects, social, economic and spatial results will be examined. Within the scope of the course, the concepts of urban sprawl, urban growth, urban development, slums, collapsed areas, urban renewal, urban rehabilitation, urban revitalization, gentrification and post-disaster urban renewal will be discussed.

The content of the course includes understanding the causes of climate change, understanding the economic and social effects of climate change on the built and natural environment by examining the scenarios developed in this field, implementing sustainable building systems, and defining strategies and policies.

In the course, environmental ideas in architecture, green design doctrine, local and technological solutions for sustainable design, green certification systems (BREEAM, LEEDS, etc.), aesthetic problems in environmental architecture will be discussed. Discussions will be held through ecological planning and design examples.

The course content includes examining the concepts and stages in the process of rational use of building resources and designing within ecological principles. Examining the principles of use of architecture, hardware, materials and contemporary construction elements integrated with smart building design, camera systems, energy systems, access control systems, fire detection systems, fire alarm systems, control of physical quantities such as temperature, humidity and light level are among the topics that will be covered in the course.

The content of the course includes design and construction principles of various components and elements that make up the building, examination of potential fine structure problems such as cladding, joints, and insulation, solution suggestions and detail designs. Within the scope of the course, materials, components and elements will be examined through examples.

Concepts for organizing construction sites as a production line, listing all work disciplines involved in this process and introducing alternative models for their integration, understanding temporary structures, construction site layout, work schedules, developing awareness of duties and responsibilities regarding occupational safety and technical and ethical issues will be examined within the scope of the course.

The course covers design criteria, starting from the definition and basic concepts of high-rise buildings. Foundations of high-rise buildings, load-bearing systems, seismic factors, wind effect, core solutions, facade design and materials, and maintenance types will be evaluated and discussed with examples through today's designs and applications.

The course includes the concept of steel structure, steel structure components and constructions, wide-span steel structures, multi-storey steel structures, light steel structures, steel structure applications and detail solutions. The advantages and weaknesses of the steel structure, the floors and roofs used in the steel structure, horizontal and vertical stability, facade elements, bolted connections, welded connections and truss elements will be examined.

Internship II is for students to reinforce the knowledge and skills they have acquired in theoretical and practical courses within the scope of architectural education in real design, construction, business and project management, and preparation for professional practice. Students gain 30 working days of office experience in sectoral areas deemed appropriate by the department.

The course covers the design studies of a project that will contribute to contemporary urban or rural life within the framework of a current theoretical discourse in the historical and/or built environment. Within the scope of the project, where connections are established at the city scale, answers will be sought to design problems that include social, cultural and economic factors and require original solutions depending on these. The project process, which progresses comprehensively from the initial stage to the final product details, includes complex architectural spatial solutions and details that require different solutions depending on culture and social structure, in the context of relationships with the built and natural environment.

This course involves architecture students preparing a coherent and independent graduation project constructed with an architectural discourse, using all the architectural tools learned in previous years, in order to complete their design education at professional standards. The project process, which involves designing a complex building or building group focused on public and social responsibility, is based on discussing human, society and city-oriented conceptual ideas developed by the student with appropriate technical systems. This process includes theoretical approaches, knowledge, research and producing appropriate solutions to design problems regarding both local and global requirements, from the smallest detail of the project to its general concept.

The place of the building sector in the Turkish economy, the managerial and economic decisions taken during the building production process, and the participants of the building production process are discussed. The project life cycle, the coordinator role of the architect in the building production process, the roles and responsibilities undertaken by the architect in project delivery methods and construction contract types, the knowledge and skills that an architect should have in terms of cost management and time management are examined.

Comprehensive analysis of the project area to be given in rural areas or urban texture at various scales (1/2000, 1/1000); investigation of structural, natural and social environmental characteristics; making urban design decisions in the light of findings from local context analysis; preparation of small and medium-sized settlement plans, design of public open spaces and pedestrian-vehicle circulation; Development of alternative design solutions (in 1/500 scale) regarding the relationships between buildings and urban spaces.

Ders kapsamında pasif güneş mimarisi, gün ışığı kullanımı, fotovoltaik paneller, rüzgar enerjisi, sıfır karbon/emisyon stratejileri gibi sürdürülebilir tasarım ilkeleri yoluyla, ekoloji ve sürdürülebilir tasarım kavramları disiplinlerarası bir bakış ile ele alınacaktır. Geri dönüşüm, enerji etkin bina örnekleri, ekoköyler, çevresel etkiler, tasarım sürecinde enerji ve malzeme kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımı ile yaşam döngüsü, sürdürülebilir tasarımın belgelendirilmesi, LEED yeşil bina işlemleri ve bakımı ile ilgili güncel bilgiler verilecektir.

The course includes understanding the basic requirements of ethics in practicing the profession, the impact of health, safety and psychological factors on the quality of life, sensitivity to environmental values, social, cultural, professional and environmental responsibility, and values that can create ethical awareness. To implement these subjects in a professional environment, knowing the necessary laws and regulations on financial, management, marketing, and administrative matters, and preparing contracts and agreements are some of the subjects to be studied. An understanding of the practice and documentation of areas of the architectural profession such as planning, business formations, career options, strategies, and methods will be developed.

In this course, the studies will be made about the understanding, explanation, reading and writing, various features of written explanation will be considered and examined with critical viewpoint. The punctuation marks which are the basis of the written explanation and writing rules will be made evident and the correct use of such rules for efficient and sound expression will be elicited.

In this course, the studies will be made about the understanding, explanation, reading and writing, various features of written explanation will be considered and examined with critical viewpoint. The punctuation marks which are the basis of written explanation and writing rules will be made evident and the correct use of such rules for efficient and sound expression will be elicited.